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Phrase	Definition
abdomen	The part of the body between the chest and pelvis.
abortion	1. Induced abortion is a procedure done to end pregnancy. 2. Spontaneous abortion is a naturally occurring abortion (also called miscarriage). 3. Therapeutic abortion is an induced abortion required to save the life or health of the mother.
abrasion	A wound caused by scraping the skin. A “skinned knee” is a common example.
abscess	A swollen, inflamed area where pus gathers.
absorption	To take in substances through the skin or mucous membranes.
abstinence	To hold back or restrain. For example, to refrain from the use of drugs or alcohol, or from having sexual intercourse.
acclimation	The process of getting used to a new climate or altitude.
Achilles' tendon	The strong tendon at the back of the ankle that attaches the calf muscle to the heel.
acidosis	An abnormal condition in the body in which excessive acid lowers the pH of the blood and body tissues.
acne	A skin disorder usually found in adolescents and young adults.
acoustic	Having to do with sound and hearing.
acromegaly	A condition that occurs when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone. In adults, this can cause overgrowth of bones that occurs in smaller bones, such as those in the jaw, hands and feet. In children or teenagers, this can cause giantism.
ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Produced by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete hormones.
actinic keratoses	Scaly, pink, gray or tan patches or bumps on the face or scalp, or on the back of the hands. Occur mostly on people who have light skin that has been damaged by the sun.
acupuncture	An ancient Chinese method to relieve pain or treat disease by inserting needles into various parts of the body.
acute	1. Of short course. 2. Severe, but of a short duration. Not chronic.
addiction	Strong dependence or habitual use of a substance or practice, despite the negative consequences of its use.
Addison's disease	An ailment characterized by underfunctioning of the adrenal glands. Characterized by anemia, weakness, low blood pressure and brownish discoloration of the skin.
adenitis	Swelling of a gland.
adenoids	Glandular tissue in the back of the throat that may swell, especially during childhood, obstruct breathing and speaking, and lead to ear infections.
adenoma	A noncancerous tumor of glandular tissue.
adenovirus	One of the viruses that cause the common cold.
ADH	Antidiuretic hormone. One of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. A shortage of this hormone causes increased loss of body fluids through the kidneys.
adhesion	The sticking of one surface to another. This can occur when scar tissue causes organs or loops of intestine to stick together. Occasionally, these adhesions may produce an intestinal obstruction or other malfunction by twisting or distorting the organ.
adipose fatty cells	Special cells in which fat is stored when a person's caloric intake is greater than that required by one's metabolism.
adrenal glands	Located on top of the kidneys, these glands produce hormones helpful in regulating the body's metabolism.
adrenaline	Epinephrine. One of several hormones produced by the adrenal glands.
aerobic	Requiring the use of oxygen. Exercise that conditions the heart and lungs by increasing the efficiency of oxygen intake by the body.
afterbirth	The placenta, which is attached to the fetus by the umbilical cord and must be delivered after the baby.
AIDS	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A disease of the immune system caused by the HIV virus.
airway	The passage by which air enters and exits the lungs.
albinism	The absence of all normal body pigmentation at birth, a condition that can occur in all races.
albino	A person with albinism.
albumin	A water-soluble protein found in milk, egg, muscle, blood and many vegetable tissues and fluids.
aldosteronism	A condition resulting when the adrenal glands produce too much of the hormone aldosterone, which regulates fluids and salt in the body.
alimentary	Having to do with food or nutrition. The alimentary tract is the digestive tract.
allergen	A substance capable of producing an allergic reaction.
allergy	An exaggerated immune response to substances in the environment.
alopecia	Hair loss, especially of the head.
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency	Congenital lack of an enzyme that leads to cirrhosis of the liver and obstructive lung disease.
altitude sickness	A potentially fatal illness caused by being at altitudes high enough to reduce the amount of oxygen available to the body.
alveoli	The sacs in the lungs at the ends of the smallest airways where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood.
amblyopia	Impaired vision without an apparent cause.
ambulatory	Able to walk. Not confined to bed.
amenorrhea	Absence of menstrual periods.
amnesia	Partial or total loss of memory, usually as the result of psychological trauma or stress, or physical damage to the brain from injury, disease, or alcohol or other chronic drug abuse.
amnion	The membrane enclosing a developing fetus; it's filled with a protective liquid called amniotic fluid.
amputation	The surgical removal of a limb or other appendage because of damage by trauma or as a treatment for a variety of potentially life-threatening ailments.
anaerobic exercise	Brief, intense exercise that leads to an oxygen debt in a certain area of tissue. Weight lifting is an example.
anaphylaxis	The most severe form of allergy, in which the person's heart and lungs are unable to keep working, and death occurs unless prompt medical attention is obtained.
androgen	Any substance that produces male characteristics. Testosterone and androsterone are natural androgens.
anemia	A decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen because of a reduction in either the number or quality of the red blood cells.
anesthesia	Drug-induced loss of feeling or sensation.
anesthetic	An agent used to produce anesthesia.
aneurysm	A thin sac caused by a weakened area in the walls of blood vessels or the heart. As an aneurysm increases in size, the sac tends to become thinner, and the risk of its breaking becomes greater.
angina pectoris	Chest pain caused by decreased oxygen delivery to the heart muscle.
angioma	A noncancerous tumor made up of many blood vessels.
anhidrosis	Absence of sweating. An inability to sweat greatly interferes with the body's ability to control its internal temperature.
ankylosis	Abnormal stiffening of a joint.
anomaly	Deviation from normal.
anorchism	Congenital absence of both testes.
anorexia nervosa	An eating disorder manifested primarily by a loss of desire or willingness to eat for a variety of psychological reasons.
anosmia	Loss of the sense of smell.
antepartum	Occurring before delivery of a baby.
antibody	A protein produced by the body to neutralize an invading foreign agent or antigen, such as a virus.
antidote	An agent used to counteract a poison.
antigen	A foreign agent capable of starting an immune response or causing the body to produce antibodies.
antiserum	A serum that contains antibodies. Serum from a person or animal with immunity to a certain disease can, in some cases, be used to prevent illness in other people.
anus	The opening of the rectum.
anxiety	A feeling of nervousness, uneasiness, apprehension or dread.
aorta	The large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of body.
apathy	Lack of emotions.
Apgar score	A scoring method from zero to 10 for describing the health of an infant at birth, based on heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and reflex irritability.
aphagia	Inability to swallow.
aphasia	A partial or total loss of the power to use or understand words.
aphthous ulcers	A painful sore in the mouth. Also called a canker sore.
apnea	Temporary pause in breathing.
appendectomy	Surgical removal of the appendix.
appendix	A finger-like appendage near the junction of the large intestine and the small intestine.
areola	The dark area of the breast surrounding the nipple.
arteriosclerosis	Commonly called “hardening of the arteries.” An abnormal thickening and loss of elasticity of the wall of the arteries.
arteriovenous malformation	Abnormal group of dilated blood vessels, most often occurring in the brain.
artery	A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
arthralgia	Pain in a joint.
arthritis	Inflammation of a joint.
asbestos	A fibrous material used to make fireproof materials, electrical insulation, roofing and filters. Asbestos has been linked to a type of lung cancer.
ascites	Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen that causes distention.
ascorbic acid	Vitamin C.
asthma	A chronic disorder characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and tightness of the chest.
astigmatism	An irregularity in the curvature of the lens of the eye, resulting in a blurry or distorted image.
atelectasis	Collapsed lung. May occur following surgery or after a rib fracture.
atherosclerosis	A form of arteriosclerosis caused by fatty deposits in the arteries.
athlete's foot	A fungal infection of the skin of the feet.
atopy	A predisposition to allergy that's inherited from parents. Included disorders are asthma, hay fever and eczema.
atria	The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and pass it to the lower chambers of the heart.
atrophy	A decrease in the normal size of an organ. Wasting away.
aura	A peculiar sensation that occurs before other symptoms. An example is the sensation of flashing lights before a migraine headache.
autoimmune disease	A condition in which antibodies form against one's own cells.
autotransfusion	A transfusion using the patient's own blood.
axilla	The armpit.

Phrase	Definition
bacteremia	The presence of bacteria in the blood.
bacteria	Single-celled microorganisms with one of three basic shapes: rod-like (bacilli), spherical (cocci) and spiral (spirilla). Bacteria are commonly thought of as disease-causing agents. But many bacteria are beneficial and don't cause disease.
bacteriuria	The presence of bacteria in the urine.
Baker's cyst	A swelling of the knee caused by an escape of fluid from a sac behind the knee.
ballism	Quick, jerking movements that occur in people with chorea.
barium	A chalky substance used in x-ray studies of the digestive tract to highlight abnormalities.
barotrauma	Injury caused by pressure differences between the atmosphere and the air-filled spaces in the body. The most common of these injuries are the ear and sinus blocks that can occur during air travel.
Bartholin cyst	A cyst caused by an infection of the glands on the vaginal wall.
BCG (bacille Calmette-Gurin) vaccine	A vaccine that offers some protection against tuberculosis. It's now rarely used in the U.S. because it doesn't give total protection.
bedsore	An ulcer caused by chafing or by the pressure of the body against the bed.
Bell's palsy	A usually temporary loss of feeling or movement of the face, usually on one side, causing an inability to close the eye or mouth on that side.
bends	A condition that results from rapidly decreasing atmospheric pressure on the body. Symptoms include joint pain, chest pain, shortness of breath and coma. The condition may be fatal.
benign	A nonlife-threatening condition. Not malignant. Not cancerous.
benign familial tremor	An inherited disorder that causes a slow tremor in the hands, head and voice. It may affect only one side of the body, be worse when moving than when resting and worsen with age.
beriberi	A deficiency disease caused by dietary insufficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Symptoms include general weakness and painful rigidity.
biceps	A muscle having two heads. The most familiar is the large muscle in the front of the upper arm responsible for flexing the forearm.
bicuspid	A tooth named for the two-pointed projections on the crown.
bifocals	Eyeglasses with divided lenses. The two parts of each lens have different strengths, allowing the wearer to focus the eye for either near or distant vision.
bile	A clear yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Aids in digestion.
bilirubin	A pigment produced in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin from old red blood cells. Bilirubin is normally eliminated in the bile. A variety of diseases may cause bilirubin to collect in the body, resulting in a yellow discoloration of the skin known as jaundice.
binocular	Using both eyes at the same time. Binocular vision is the most important element of depth perception.
biopsy	Removal and exam of a tissue sample taken from a living body. This procedure helps determine if the tissue is cancerous.
bipolar affective disorder	A psychiatric disorder in which the affected person has both depressed and happy, energetic (manic) episodes. This is a newer term for manic-depressive disorder.
blackhead	A dark-topped plug of fatty material in the opening of a hair follicle. The color is the result of exposure of the fat to the air.
blackout	1. Short-term loss of vision and consciousness. 2. In an alcoholic person, loss of memory for a period of time.
bladder	The organ that temporarily stores a substance. Commonly used in reference to the urinary bladder, which holds urine until it's eliminated.
blepharitis	Inflammation of the eyelid.
blepharoplasty	Plastic surgery on the eyelid.
blindness	Loss of vision. Legally, visual acuity less than 20/200 with glasses.
blister	Buildup of watery or bloody fluid under the skin.
blood	The fluid circulating through the heart, arteries and veins. Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen to body tissues, carrying waste products away from the tissues and delivering a wide variety of biochemical substances throughout the body to main
blood poisoning	Infection within the circulatory system. A potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt treatment.
blood pressure	The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
boil	A skin infection characterized by a localized buildup of pus.
bone marrow	The tissue within the cavity of the bones where new blood cells are made.
Borrelia	A class of disease-causing bacteria that includes the organisms that cause relapsing fever and Lyme disease.
botulism	An extremely dangerous form of food poisoning caused by the toxin of Clostridium botulinum.
bovine	Having to do with cattle. For example, bovine insulin is insulin obtained from cattle.
bowel	See intestine.
Bowen's disease	A precancerous skin condition that first appears as psoriasis-like scaling.
bowleg	A deformity of the legs in which the space between the knees is greater than normal.
brace	A device used to support a body part, correct or prevent deformities, or control movement.
bradycardia	Slow heart rate and pulse, usually slower than 60 beats per minute.
Braxton Hicks contractions	Contractions of the uterus during pregnancy that are sometimes mistaken for labor. Also called false labor.
breasts	Milk-secreting glands protruding from the upper front part of a woman's body.
breech birth	A birth in which the feet or buttocks of the baby appear first through the birth canal.
bridge	A structure that joins two parts. For example, a dental bridge contains artificial teeth and joins the natural teeth at either end.
Bright's disease	Nephritis. A group of kidney diseases manifested by albumin in the urine and edema (swelling).
bronchi	The tubular passages, also called bronchial tubes, that carry air into the lungs.
bronchiectasis	A chronic enlargement of the bronchi accompanied by coughing and production of large amounts of phlegm-containing pus.
bronchiolitis	An infection of the bronchioles, the tiny air tubes in the lungs.
bronchitis	Inflammation of the bronchi.
bronchospasm	Contraction of the muscle in the walls of the bronchi.
bronze diabetes	A disorder of iron metabolism resulting in iron pigment deposits in the skin and other body tissues that causes a change in skin color.
brucellosis	An infection characterized by fluctuating fever, headache, anemia and vague physical discomfort that's transmitted to humans from domesticated goats, pigs and cattle.
bruise	Discoloration of the skin due to a buildup of blood in the underlying soft tissues. Also called a contusion.
bruxism	Grinding of the teeth.
bubo	A swollen, infected lymph node (especially in the groin). The node may enlarge enough that it begins to drain through the skin.
Buerger's disease	Blockage of medium-sized blood vessels in the hands and feet by clotting and inflammation. This process causes severe pain and may lead to gangrene.
bulimia	An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by vomiting or use of laxatives. Usually caused by a variety of psychological reasons.
bunion	Localized swelling of the big toe at its joint with the foot.
bursa	A small, fluid-filled sac that allows one part of a joint to move freely over another part.
bursitis	Inflammation of a bursa.

Phrase	Definition
cachexia	A generally weakened, emaciated condition of the body.
caffeine	A bitter-tasting, water-soluble compound that acts as a central nervous system stimulant and has a mild diuretic (increasing urination) effect.
calciferol	Vitamin D.
calcification	Calcium salt deposits in soft tissues.
calculus	A small, hard mass or stone formed in the body, as in a kidney or gallbladder, or a hard coating on the surface of the teeth.
callus	1. Localized thickening of the skin. 2. A fibrous band formed around the site of a fracture that seals the ends of the bone together and is then gradually replaced by mature bone.
calorie	The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree. Commonly used to express the amount of energy-producing value in food.
Calv�-Perthes	A disease in children affecting the growth plate of the head of the thigh, caused by interference in the blood supply.
camphor	An agent derived from a cinnamon tree that's used to relieve pain and itching.
cancer	Abnormal cells with uncontrolled cell growth.
Candida	The class of yeast that causes thrush and vaginal yeast infections.
canker	An open sore on the lip or skin inside the mouth.
Cannabis	The class of plants that includes marijuana and other hemps.
capillary	A small, blood-containing vessel connecting the veins and arteries.
carbohydrates	A group of energy-storage molecules that includes sugars and starches. Carbohydrates contain four calories per gram.
carbon dioxide	An odorless, colorless gas produced as the end product of aerobic respiration.
carbon monoxide	An odorless, colorless, poisonous gas produced from the incomplete combustion of carbon. Prevents the blood from carrying oxygen.
carbuncle	A hard, painful, pus-filled infection of the skin. Carbuncles are larger than boils and frequently have more than one opening.
carcinogen	A cancer-causing substance.
carcinoma	A cancerous tumor.
cardiac	Having to do with the heart or, less commonly, the upper portion of the stomach.
cardiomegaly	Enlargement of the heart.
cardiomyopathy	A disorder of the heart muscle.
cardiovascular	Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.
caries	Decay of the teeth or bone.
carotene	The fat-soluble pigment in carrots, tomatoes and other vegetables, egg yolks, milk fat and other substances that can be converted in the body to vitamin A.
carotid	The main artery in the neck.
carpal	Having to do with the wrist.
carpal tunnel syndrome	Pain, numbness and tingling of the fingers caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist.
carrier	Someone who's capable of transmitting a disease (especially an infectious or genetic disorder) to another person but who usually has no symptoms of the disease.
cartilage	Elastic connective tissue on the joint surfaces of bone and some parts of the skeleton, including the nose and ears.
castor oil	An oil extracted from the castor bean plant that's irritating to the intestine and promotes bowel movements.
castration	To remove the gonads, such as the testicles, making the male unable to have children.
cat-scratch fever	A bacterial infection acquired through the scratch of a cat or other animal.
catalepsy	A condition in which the body and limbs stay in the position in which they're placed.
cataract	An opaque area in the lens of the eye.
catheter	A tube used to drain or inject fluids.
cauliflower ear	A trauma-induced deformity of the ear caused by repeated cartilage and soft-tissue injury.
caustic	A chemical that can cause burns.
cauterize	To purposely burn with a hot instrument or caustic substance to destroy tissue, such as a wart.
cavity	A hollow place or hole within the body.
CBC	Complete blood cell count.
cecum	The first part of the large intestine just below the small intestine or ileum.
celiac	Having to do with the abdomen.
cell	The basic unit of organization of all living organisms.
cellulitis	Infection of the skin.
cellulose	A complex carbohydrate. Cellulose is a source of dietary fiber because it can't be digested.
cephalalgia	Headache.
cerebellum	The part of the brain that coordinates muscular movements.
cerebrum	The main part of the brain.
cerumen	Earwax.
cervical	Having to do with the neck (cervical spine) or the cervix of the uterus.
cervix	The neck-like portion of an organ, especially the part of the uterus that extends into the vagina.
cesarean section	Delivery of a baby through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus.
chalazion	A chronic, small swelling on the rim of the eyelid.
chancre	The painless ulcer of primary syphilis that appears on the genitals.
chancroid	A sexually transmitted disease that causes soft, painful open sores in the genital area. Not syphilis. Characterized by swelling of the sebaceous glands, resulting in pimples on the face, back and chest.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease	Progressive, generally painless weakness of the legs, along with foot deformity.
charley horse	Painful stiffness from muscular strain in an arm or leg.
cheilosis	A condition in which cracks or sores occur at the corners of the mouth.
chickenpox	A viral disease that usually begins with fever and cough, followed by a rash that progresses from red bumps to blisters to scabs. A vaccine is available to prevent this disease. Also called varicella or varicella zoster.
chilblain	Painful redness of the fingers, toes or ears caused by exposure to cold.
childbed fever	This is a severe illness marked by fever that's caused by an infection in mothers after giving birth. Also called puerperal sepsis.
chill	A cold sensation with shivering that sometimes occurs before a fever.
chiropractic	An approach to health care based on the assumption that most diseases are caused by pressure on the nerves. This pressure is thought to be caused by faulty alignment of the bones that prevents the nerves from functioning properly.
Chlamydia	A microorganism, Chlamydia trachomatis, that's a frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease. It can also cause pneumonia and eye infections.
chloasma	See melasma.
chlorination	The addition of chlorine to kill harmful microorganisms in water or sewage.
cholecystitis	Inflammation of the gallbladder.
cholera	Watery diarrhea caused by drinking water or eating food that's con-taminated with Vibrio cholere. The disease is spread through the stools of infected persons.
cholesteatoma	A tumor-like mass that sometimes forms as a result of a chronic middle ear infection.
cholesterol	A fat-like substance that, if present in the blood in large amounts, is associated with the development of heart disease.
chondritis	Inflammation of the cartilage.
chondromalacia	Softening of cartilage.
chorea	A nervous system disorder characterized by involuntary spasms of the limbs or facial muscles. A hereditary form is called Huntington's chorea.
chromosomes	The DNA-containing cellular structures that carry genetic information.
chronic	Persistent. Ongoing. Lasting a long time.
cilia	Short, hair-like structures extending from certain cells.
circadian	A repetitive pattern or fluctuation with a 24-hour cycle.
circulation	The flow of blood through the body. Includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
circumcision	Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
cirrhosis	Inflammatory disease of the liver characterized by scarring and shrinkage.
claudication	Pain in the legs while walking that's caused by blockage of the arteries.
claustrophobia	Fear of closed spaces.
clavicle	Collarbone.
clawhand	A condition of the hand causing distorted fingers resulting from nerve injury.
cleft lip or palate	A congenital split of the upper lip or roof of the mouth.
clitoris	A small, sensitive erectile organ located in the female at the top of the vulva.
Clostridium	A genus of bacteria that includes the agents capable of causing food poisoning and tetanus.
clot	A jelly-like mass of blood.
clubfoot	A deformity in which the foot is turned inward from its normal position.
coal tar	A by-product of coal used in the treatment of some skin conditions, such as psoriasis.
cobalamin	Vitamin B12.
cocaine	A drug that is made from coca leaves. It can be used by a doctor as a topical anesthetic. It's often abused for its euphoric affects. It's highly addictive.
coccyx	The tailbone.
cochlea	The portion of the inner ear that senses sound.
coitus	Sexual intercourse.
cold	An upper respiratory infection.
cold sore	Herpes simplex infection of the lip.
colic	1. A sudden, spasmodic abdominal pain. 2. In infants, a pattern of excessive crying, apparent abdominal pain and irritability.
colitis	Inflammation of the colon.
collagen	A protein formed in the connective tissue of the body.
colon	The large intestine.
Colorado tick fever	A viral illness spread by ticks. Characterized by headache, backache and fever that begins to break and then returns midway through the course of the illness.
colostomy	Surgery that makes an opening to the intestine through the surface of the abdomen. The opening empties the bowels.
colostrum	An antibody-rich fluid released by the breasts for a short time after the birth of a baby, before the true milk is produced.
comedo	See blackhead.
communicable disease	A disease spread through direct contact with an infected person or substance.
compress	A dressing used to apply pressure or medicine to an area. Useful in applying heat or cold.
compulsion	An overwhelming urge to perform an act. Often used to describe ritual or repetitive behaviors.
conception	Fertilization. The union of sperm and egg.
concussion	A loss of consciousness because of a head injury.
condom	A sheath worn over the penis or inside the vagina (female condom) during intercourse to protect against pregnancy and disease.
cone	The light-sensing structure on the retina of the eye capable of detecting color.
congenital	Present at birth.
conjunctiva	The membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball.
conjunctivitis	Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Also called pink eye.
connective tissue	Fibrous tissue with a wide variety of connecting and supporting functions within and between body organs.
conscious	Mentally awake and aware. Knowing what one is doing and why.
constipation	A condition in which the stool becomes too hard for easy elimination.
consumption	1. Using up. 2. Wasting of the body; especially used in reference to advanced tuberculosis.
contagious	Easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
contraception	The intentional prevention of conception or impregnation. Also called birth control.
contraction	A shortening or increase in tension.
contracture	Deformity caused by abnormal shortening of the muscles.
contrast medium	A substance used in x-ray studies to aid in showing internal structures.
contusion	Bruise.
convulsion	A seizure.
cor pulmonale	Increased blood pressure in the lungs, causing chest pain, shortness of breath, swelling in the feet and fluid in the lungs.
corn	A hardened area of skin on the foot caused by persistent friction or pressure.
cornea	The clear, external part of the eye.
coronary arteries	The blood vessels encircling the heart that provide the heart muscle with oxygen.
corticosteroid hormones	Hormones produced by the adrenal glands.
coryza	Runny nose.
costochondritis	Inflammation of the cartilage-containing joints where the ribs join the breastbone (sternum).
coxsackievirus	A virus that can cause inflammation of the heart, brain or eye, or hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
cramp	A painful muscle spasm.
craniotomy	A surgical opening of the skull.
cranium	The skull, or bony structure of the head, that protects the brain.
creatinine	A substance formed from the making of creatine, an important nitrogen compound made in the body. Common in blood, urine and muscle tissue.
cretinism	Physical and mental retardation due to congenital lack of thyroid hormone.
Crohn's disease	Chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, especially of the lower small intestine and colon.
croup	Obstruction of the upper respiratory tract at or below the larynx (voice box), resulting in a hoarse, barking cough.
crowning	The first appearance of a baby's scalp during the birth process.
cryosurgery	Destruction of tissue using extreme cold. A procedure used to treat skin lesions.
CT	Computed tomographic scan.
culdocentesis	A procedure to remove pus or blood from the abdomen through the vagina.
Cushing's syndrome	A disorder caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland.
cuspid	A tooth with one point, or “canine” tooth.
cutaneous	Having to do with the skin.
cyanosis	Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood.
cyst	A sac or pocket in the body containing fluid or semisolid material.
cystitis	Inflammation of the bladder.
cytology	The study of cells.
cytomegalovirus	A virus that infects cells and causes them to become enlarged. Babies infected with the virus develop mental and sensory disorders.

Phrase	Definition
D and C	Dilatation and curettage. A surgical procedure in which the uterine lining is removed by scraping.
dacryocystitis	Inflammation of the sac that collects tears for drainage from the eye.
dandruff	Little scales or flakes of dead skin on the scalp. Also called seborrheic dermatitis.
debridement	Removal of foreign material or dead tissue.
decalcification	Loss of calcium from the bones or teeth.
decidua	The mucus lining of the uterus that's passed after childbirth or during the menstrual period.
decubitus	A skin ulcer or bedsore.
defibrillator	A machine that delivers an electrical shock to an irregularly beating heart to restore normal rhythm.
degenerative joint disease	A common form of arthritis in which tissue changes occur in one or more joints, such as swelling, lumps or cysts, or small pieces of loose bone and cartilage, which cause stiffness and pain. Also called osteoarthritis.
dehydration	Excessive loss of body water resulting in weakness, dizziness and other symptoms. It can be life-threatening if not treated, especially in young children and babies.
delirium	An abnormal mental state characterized by excitement and hallucinations.
deltoid	The triangular muscle of the shoulder.
delusion	A false belief.
dementia	Progressive mental deterioration.
dentition	Arrangement of the teeth.
dependence	A state of absolute need, both physical and psychological.
depilatory	A substance that temporarily removes hair from the skin.
depression	Decreased functional activity. Sinking of spirits. Intense sadness, beyond what's normally expected.
dermabrasion	A procedure that removes scars, tattoos or other skin defects with fine sandpaper or a high-speed brush.
dermatitis	Inflammation of the skin.
dermatology	A medical specialty that deals with the skin.
desensitization	Reducing or eliminating sensitivity to a particular substance.
desquamation	The shedding of cells from the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
devascularization	Interruption of blood circulation to part of the body.
dextrose	A simple sugar. Glucose.
diabetes insipidus	Loss of water through the kidneys as a result of decreased production of the pituitary hormone vasopressin (an antidiuretic hormone).
diabetes mellitus	A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from insulin deficiency. Characterized by high blood sugar levels that result in weakness, frequent urination and increased thirst and hunger.
diagnose	To identify a disease.
diagnosis	The process of identifying a disease or medical condition.
dialysis	A treatment to remove certain molecules from the blood, particularly in people with kidney failure.
diaphoresis	Excessive sweating.
diaphragm	1. The dome-shaped respiratory muscle separating the chest from the abdomen. 2. A barrier contraceptive device molded to fit over the cervix.
diarrhea	Production of feces in increased volume and with greater fluidity than normal.
diastole	The relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
diet	The total food consumed by an individual. A therapeutic diet is a prescription of required or restricted foods.
dietitian	An expert who is trained in the use of diet and nutrition to maintain or restore health.
digestion	The mechanical and chemical conversion of food into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the body.
digit	A finger or toe.
dilation	The process of expanding or enlarging.
diphtheria	An infectious disease of childhood characterized by fever, sore throat and the presence of “dirty” (white, gray, brown) membranes in the throat.
diplopia	Double vision.
discoid-lupus erythematosus	A round, red, scaling rash on the nose, forehead, cheeks, scalp or other areas of the body. It may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
disinfectant	A chemical agent used to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects.
disk	A round, flat structure, particularly the fibrous cartilage layer between two vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine). Also called intervertebral disk.
diskectomy	Removal of an intervertebral disk of the spine.
dislocation	Displacement of a bone from a joint.
disorientation	Mental confusion, especially of time, place or person.
distal	A location farther from a point of reference. For example, the foot is distal to the knee, relative to the center of the body.
diuresis	Increased elimination of urine.
diverticula	Pouches or sacs opening out from a main cavity or tubular organ of the body.
diverticulitis	Inflammation of small pouches that may form on the wall of the colon.
diverticulosis	A condition in which pouches form on the wall of the colon.
dorsal	Toward the back.
douche	A flow of liquid or vapor directed onto or into a part of the body.
Down syndrome	A genetic disorder characterized by some degree of mental retardation and by various physical malformations, such as slanted eyes and a broad face.
DPT	A vaccine containing antigens from diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus.
dressing	A bandage for an external wound.
dropsy	Abnormal buildup of fluid in tissues or a body cavity.
duct	A channel or passage through which fluids move.
duodenal	Having to do with the duodenum.
duodenum	The first part of the small intestine that begins at the stomach and is the entry point for the pancreatic and common bile duct.
Dupuytren's contracture	Scarring of the palmar ligament in the hand, causing progressive curling of one or more fingers and a thickening of the palm.
dwarfism	A deficiency of growth hormone resulting in short stature.
dysentery	Infection of the intestine resulting in severe diarrhea and cramps, frequently associated with blood or mucus in the stools.
dysmenorrhea	Painful menstruation.
dyspepsia	Indigestion.
dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing.
dyspnea	Labored breathing.

Phrase	Definition
eardrum	The tympanic membrane that's visible in the ear. It vibrates in response to sound waves.
ecchymosis	A collection of blood in the tissues causing a black and blue, or yellow, area.
ECG	Electrocardiogram.
eclampsia	An attack of convulsions. Particularly used to describe toxemia (toxins in the blood) of pregnancy.
ectopic pregnancy	When the fertilized egg is implanted and develops outside of the uterus.
ectropion	An outward turning of the eyelid.
eczema	A rash characterized by itching, scaling, swelling and oozing. A common allergic reaction.
edema	Buildup of excessive fluid around the cells in the body.
EEG	Electroencephalogram.
effacement	Thinning of the cervix during labor.
effusion	Buildup of fluid in a part of the body, particularly a joint.
ejaculation	The sudden ejection of semen from the male body. Climax.
EKG	Electrocardiogram.
electroconvulsive	A type of therapy used to treat severe, unresponsive depression by passing electrical current through the brain.
electrolysis	Destruction of tissue through the use of electricity; often used to permanently remove unwanted hair from the body.
electrolytes	Compounds that separate into charged particles in water. The main electrolytes in the human body are sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride, magnesium, calcium and phosphate.
elephantiasis	A chronic disease characterized by the enlargement of certain parts of the body and by the hardening and ulceration of the surrounding skin. It is often caused by an infestation of a worm called a filarial worm.
embolism	The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot or mass of foreign material.
emesis	See vomiting.
emphysema	Chronic lung disease characterized by loss of elasticity of lung tissue and resulting in trapped air in the lung.
empyema	Buildup of pus in a cavity of the body.
encephalitis	A serious infection resulting in inflammation of the brain.
encopresis	Fecal incontinence. Inability to hold feces.
endocarditis	Inflammation or infection of the inside of the heart, often including the heart valves.
endocrine glands	Glands that are ductless and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.
endometriosis	A condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus are found in other locations within the pelvic cavity. This condition frequently causes pelvic pain and menstrual difficulties.
enema	1. Introduction of fluid into the rectum to bring about a bowel movement. 2. The solution introduced into the rectum to bring about a bowel movement.
ENT	The medical specialty of the ear, nose and throat.
enteritis	An inflammation of the intestines that usually causes cramps and diarrhea.
enuresis	Bedwetting.
eosinophil	A type of white blood cell that becomes more abundant in the bloodstream in certain parasitic and allergic conditions.
epidemiology	The study of the causes and control of diseases in human populations.
epidermis	The outermost layer of skin.
epididymis	The elongated structure behind each testicle where sperm are stored.
epiglottis	The flap of cartilage at the base of the tongue that closes the trachea during swallowing to keep food or liquids from entering the airway.
epilepsy	A disorder of the central nervous system that causes convulsions, or seizures.
epinephrine	Adrenaline, a hormone produced in the core of the adrenal glands that's sometimes used to treat asthma and allergic reactions.
episiotomy	An incision of the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus in women), often performed during labor to minimize trauma to the perineum during the delivery of a baby.
epistaxis	Nosebleed.
epithelium	The layer of cells covering internal and external surfaces of the body.
erysipelas	A febrile (fever-associated) skin infection caused by a group A hemolytic streptococci.
erythema	Redness of the skin.
erythema infectiosum	A viral infection most common in children that begins with a red, warm rash on the face, along with some paleness around the mouth. Also called Fifth disease.
erythema multiforme	An eruption of flat or raised spots of skin as a result of hypersensitivity to certain drugs or allergies.
erythema nodosum	The sudden appearance of tender raised nodes on the lower limbs as a result of an infection, hypersensitivity to certain drugs or other conditions.
erythrocyte	Red blood cell.
Escherichia coli	A type of common bacteria normally found in the colon. Some strains that cause diarrhea are acquired during travel.
esophagitis	Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused from a reflux of acid from the stomach.
esophagus	The tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.
estrogen	Female sex hormone.
eustachian tube	The narrow tube connecting the nose and middle ear to allow air pressure in the middle ear to equalize with the outside environment.
exacerbate	Cause something to increase in severity. To make more intense, irritate.
exanthem	Skin rash.
excise	To remove by cutting.
exocrine glands	Glands that secrete chemicals externally, either through a tube or duct.
expectorant	A substance that loosens mucus so it's more easily cleared from the respiratory passages.

Phrase	Definition
faint	Temporary loss of consciousness because of an insufficient blood supply to the brain.
fallopian tube	The tubal passageway connecting the ovary to the uterus.
familial cholesterolemia	An inherited disorder causing abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
fascia	Fibrous sheets of tissue connecting or covering the muscles.
fat	A major energy source for animals and humans. Fat contains nine calories per gram.
fatigue	Physical or mental exhaustion. Weariness.
febrile	Caused by fever. Feverish.
feces	Body waste expelled from the rectum. Also called bowel movement or stool.
femoral	Having to do with the femur.
femur	The thigh bone.
fertility	The ability to have children.
fertilization	The process of joining the male's sperm and the female's ovum (egg).
fetal	Having to do with the fetus.
fetus	The unborn baby from the end of the eighth week after fertilization of the egg to birth.
fever	Abnormally high body temperature.
fiber	1. A slender, thread-like structure of organ tissue. 2. In the diet, strands of complex carbohydrates (cellulose) that aren't digestible.
fibrillation	A rapid, uncoordinated series of contractions of some part of the heart muscle causing irregular heartbeats. Atrial fibrillation is the rapid, ineffective beating of the upper part of the heart. Ventricular fibrillation is the lethal rapid, ineffective beating of the lower part of the heart.
fibrin	A serum protein that's essential for the clotting process.
fibroid	A noncancerous tumor of the uterus composed of muscle fibers. Also called uterine myoma.
fibromyalgia	A painful condition with multiple sensitive areas, called “tender points,” affecting fibrous tissues, muscles, tendons and ligaments.
fibrositis	Inflammation of fibrous tissues.
fibula	The long, thin, outer bone of the lower leg.
fissure	A narrow slit.
fistula	An abnormal passage from an abscess, cavity or hollow organ to the skin or another abscess.
flaccid	Soft and flabby. Often used to describe complete paralysis (loss of movement) without muscle spasm.
flatfoot	A condition in which the normal arch of the foot is absent.
flatulence	Excessive production of gas in the intestines or stomach.
fluorescein	A compound used as a diagnostic aid to show injuries of the cornea or retina of the eye.
folic acid	Folacin. One of the B-group vitamins essential for forming red blood cells.
folliculitis	Inflammation of the hair follicles.
fontanelle	A soft spot in the skull of an infant formed by the normal separation between the bony plates of the skull.
foreskin	A loose fold of skin covering the tip of the penis.
fracture	Broken, especially a broken bone.
fraternal twins	Twins formed from two separate eggs that were fertilized at the same time. They may be the same or different genders and they have different genetic makeups. Also called dizygotic twins.
frenulum	A fold of skin or mucous membrane that limits the movement of a body part. For example, the frenulum linguae is the midline fold under the tongue that attaches it to the floor of the mouth.
frigidity	An inability to be sexually aroused.
frostbite	Damage to tissue as a result of exposure to freezing temperatures.
fructose	Fruit sugar.
fungus	A group of organisms that includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms.

Phrase	Definition
galactorrhea	Excessive production of breast milk.
galactosemia	A disease present at birth caused by a genetic lack of an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose into glucose. May result in mental retardation, cataracts and liver damage.
gall	The bile produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
gallbladder	The storage sac for bile, located below the liver.
gallstone	A stone-like mass that forms in the gallbladder.
gamma globulin	Blood protein that contains most antibodies. Used in the temporary prevention of hepatitis and as treatment for disorders with antibody deficiencies.
ganglion cyst	A benign, knot-like, cystic tumor on a tendon sheath.
gangrene	The decay of body tissue in a part of the body where the blood supply is obstructed by injury or disease.
gastric	Having to do with the stomach.
gastritis	Inflammation of the stomach lining.
gastroenteritis	Inflammation of the stomach and the intestines, usually producing symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
gastrointestinal	Having to do with the stomach and intestines.
gene	A unit of heredity located on a chromosome.
generic	1. General; typical; not specific. 2. Medicine that's not a name brand.
genetic	Hereditary. Having to do with the genes.
genital	Having to do with reproduction.
genitalia	The reproductive organs.
genitourinary system	The genitals and urinary organs.
geriatrics	The branch of medicine devoted to the elderly.
germ	A disease-causing microorganism.
German measles	See rubella.
gestation	The period of development within the uterus from conception to birth.
giantism	Abnormal growth of the body due to an excessive amount of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
giardiasis	A diarrheal illness caused by infection with Giardia lamblia, a parasitic protozoan.
gingiva	The gums.
gingivitis	Inflammation of the gums.
gland	An organ that releases a chemical. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands secrete externally, either through a tube or duct.
glaucoma	An eye disease, characterized by increased pressure within the eye, that can result in blindness if not treated.
glomerulonephritis	When the filtering units in the kidneys, called the glomeruli, are damaged, the kidneys don't function properly and waste and extra fluids build up in the body.
glossitis	Inflammation of the tongue.
glucose	Dextrose. A simple six-carbon sugar naturally found in fruits, honey and blood.
goiter	Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
gonad	A sex gland (ovary or testis).
gonorrhea	A highly contagious, sexually transmitted bacterial disease of the genital/urinary system.
gout	A form of arthritis caused by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually the feet, hands and, especially, the big toe.
graft	A piece of skin or other tissue used as a transplant.
Gram's stain	A stain used as the first step in identifying bacteria.
grand mal	A major epileptic seizure characterized by convulsions, unconsciousness and sometimes loss of urinary or bowel continence. Usually followed by a brief period of lethargy and disorientation.
Graves' disease	Overactive thyroid gland function (hyperthyroidism). Sometimes associated with protrusion of the eyes.
groin	The region of the body where the thigh and lower abdomen meet.
Guillain-Barr� syndrome	A rare but reversible reaction to a viral illness or immunization that causes partial to complete loss of movement of certain muscles, weakness, numbness and tingling. In the severe form, a person may need intensive care and breathing support.
gynecology	The branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of reproductive diseases in women.
gynecomastia	Overdevelopment of male breast tissue. Usually benign and temporary.

Phrase	Definition
halitosis	Bad breath.
hallucination	The sensory perception of sights, sounds or objects that don't really exist.
hammer	The malleus, a hammer-shaped bone in the middle ear.
hamstring	The tendon located in the back of the knee and lower thigh.
hand-foot-and-mouth disease	A viral infection characterized by a blister-like rash of the hands, feet and mouth.
hangnail	A loose piece of skin at one side of a fingernail.
Hansen's disease	Leprosy.
harelip	Cleft lip or palate.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis	A degenerative autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland that ultimately results in a marked reduction in the amount of thyroid hormone produced.
hay fever	Allergic sensitivity to certain mold spores and pollens. Allergic reaction includes sneezing, itchy eyes, sore throat and runny nose.
heart	The hollow, muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system.
heart block	A condition in which electrical impulses aren't properly transmitted from the heart's upper to the lower chambers.
heart failure	Inability of the heart to adequately pump blood.
heartburn	Indigestion. A burning sensation in the chest caused by a reflux of acid into the esophagus or too much acid in the stomach.
heat exhaustion	Headache, profuse sweating, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting caused by excessive exposure to heat.
heat stroke	A serious failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanism resulting from excessive exposure to intense heat. Also called sunstroke.
hemangioma	A tumor or swelling that's composed of blood vessels.
hematemesis	The vomiting of blood.
hematology	The branch of medicine that pertains to blood and the organs involved in forming blood.
hematoma	A tumor-like mass of coagulated blood in the soft tissues. A contusion or bruise.
hematuria	The presence of blood in the urine.
hemiplegia	Paralysis (loss of feeling or movement) of one side of the body.
hemochromatosis	A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive amounts of iron in the skin, liver and other tissues.
hemoglobin	The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.
hemolysis	The destruction of red blood cells.
hemophilia	An inherited disorder, nearly always in males, in which one of the normal blood-clotting factors is deficient.
hemoptysis	A cough that produces blood.
hemorrhage	Severe bleeding, usually from damage to a blood vessel.
hemorrhoid	An enlarged vein inside or just outside the rectum.
hemostasis	Control of bleeding.
hepatic	Having to do with the liver.
hepatitis	Inflammation or infection of the liver.
heredity	Transmission of genetic traits from parents to children.
hermaphrodite	A person with both male and female sex organs.
hernia	An abnormal protrusion of part of an organ through an abnormal opening.
herpes	A recurring viral skin infection characterized by clusters of small blisters. Typically, sores are located near the mouth (fever blisters or cold sores) or in the genital region (genital herpes).
heterosexual	Having to do with the opposite sex.
hexachlorophene	A detergent that kills germs.
hiccup	A sudden, involuntary spasm of the diaphragm. The sound of hiccups is caused by the sudden intake of air.
hidradenitis	Inflammation of the sweat glands.
hip	The part of the body surrounding the joint between the femur and pelvic bones.
hirsutism	Excessive hair growth, usually on the face and chest. Often caused by an imbalance in hormones.
histamine	A substance released from certain cells in response to allergens, associated with the development of allergic symptoms, including itchy eyes, sneezing and congestion.
histoplasmosis	A fungal disease caused by inhaling the spores of Histoplasma capsulatum.
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus. A virus that slowly destroys the immune system. The virus that causes AIDS.
hives	A skin reaction characterized by swelling, itching and burning.
Hodgkin's disease	A progressive form of lymphoma usually characterized by weakness, swollen lymph nodes, sweating, fever and weight loss.
homeopathy	Medical treatment based on the theory that certain diseases can be cured by giving very small doses of substances that, in a healthy person, would produce symptoms like those of the disease.
homogenize	To make more uniform in quality or consistency.
homosexual	Having to do with the same sex.
hordeolum	Inflammation of a gland on the eyelid. Also called a stye.
hormone	A substance formed in an organ of the body and carried by body fluids to another organ or tissue, where it has a specific effect.
host	An organism that harbors and provides sustenance for another organism.
housemaid's knee	Swelling just below the kneecap, caused by the buildup of fluid in response to the constant pressure of kneeling.
humerus	The bone in the upper arm.
humidifier	A device for adding moisture to the air.
Huntington's chorea	A hereditary form of chorea (sudden, jerky motions of the arms or other parts of the body) that usually affects people during their early 40s.
hydatid	A cyst containing watery fluid and the larvae of certain tapeworms.
hydatid disease	Infection with the larvae (cysts) of certain tapeworms.
hydatidiform mole	A cystic tumor of the placental tissues of an abnormal pregnancy. Complications of this disorder include bleeding and infection.
hydrocele	A painless swelling of the scrotum caused by the buildup of fluid in the outer covering of the testes.
hydrocephalus	An enlargement of the head caused by the buildup of fluid within the ventricles of the brain. Also called “water on the brain.”
hygiene	The science of health and its maintenance.
hymen	The membrane partly or completely closing the opening to the vagina.
hyperbaric	Characterized by greater-than-normal pressure. Hyperbaric oxygen is a therapeutic treatment designed to increase blood oxygen by delivering oxygen in a chamber room with greater-than-normal pressure.
hyperemesis gravidarum	Excessive morning sickness.
hyperglycemic	High blood sugar.
hyperparathyroidism	A condition caused by the overexcretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in changes in the bone and an elevated level of calcium in the blood.
hypertension	Abnormally high blood pressure.
hyperthyroidism	Overproduction of thyroid hormone.
hyperventilation	Rapid or deep breathing producing faintness, numbness, chest pain, apprehension and tingling, and spasms of the extremities.
hypnosis	A sleep-like state induced by the suggestions of a hypnotist.
hypnotic	1. Having to do with hypnosis. 2. Causing sleep.
hypochondriac	Abnormal anxiety about one's health, often to the point of believing one is suffering from a serious disease.
hypodermic	Beneath the skin.
hypoglycemia	Low blood sugar.
hypoparathyroidism	Parathyroid hormone insufficiency due to lack of secretion of the parathyroid gland.
hypopituitarism	Deficient activity of the pituitary gland causing slowed growth in children, fatigue and decreased appetite in adults, and cessation of menstrual periods in women.
hyposensitization	To treat with frequent, small injections of an antigen to decrease the symptoms of an allergy to that antigen. Also called desensitization.
hypospadias	An abnormal opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis or into the vagina.
hypothalamus	The portion of the brain responsible for temperature regulation and control of the pituitary gland.
hypothermia	Low body temperature.
hypothyroidism	A condition of low thyroid hormone production resulting in weight gain, hair loss, sluggishness and thickening of the skin.
hypoxia	An abnormal condition resulting from decreased availability of oxygen in the body tissues.
hysterectomy	Surgical removal of all or part of the uterus.
hysteria	1. Wild, uncontrolled excitement or other feelings. 2. A disorder in which anxiety is converted into physical symptoms that have no physical basis.

Phrase	Definition
iatrogenic	Resulting from medical treatment.
ichthyosis	An inherited skin disorder that produces dry, rough, scaly skin.
identical twins	Twins formed from a single egg. They are of the same gender and have the same genetic makeup. Also called monozygotic twins.
idiopathic	Without a known cause.
ileitis	Inflammation of the lower part of the small intestine.
ileum	The lower part of the small intestine.
ileus	Lack of movement of digested food and juices through the gastrointestinal tract. May be due to a blockage of the intestine.
ilium	The flared portion of the pelvis. The hip bone.
IM	Intramuscular.
immune	Resistant to a particular disease.
immunity	Resistance of the body to infection.
immunization	The process of making an individual immune by vaccination or inoculation.
immunoglobulin	A serum protein involved in immunity. An antibody.
impetigo	Skin infection characterized by erupting sores. Caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria.
impotence	Inability of a male to achieve erection and orgasm.
in situ	In its original place. Carcinoma in situ means cancer that hasn't spread to other locations.
incision	A cut.
incisor	Any of the front four teeth on either the upper or lower jaw.
incompetent	1. Unable to make rational decisions. 2. Not functioning properly.
incontinence	Inability to hold urine or feces.
incubate	To provide the proper conditions for growth.
indigestion	Upper abdominal discomfort usually experienced after a meal due to incomplete digestion.
induration	The process of hardening. An abnormally hard spot.
infarct	An area of dead or dying tissue produced by lack of blood flow to or from that area. For example, myocardial infarction is the death of heart muscle.
infection	Causing disease, especially by the presence of foreign microorganisms in the body, including bacteria, viruses or parasites.
infectious disease	A disease that can be spread from one person to another.
infertility	Inability to produce children.
inflammation	Swelling, redness, warmth and pain. A body tissue's protective response to injury.
influenza	A contagious and infectious respiratory illness usually occurring in the winter.
ingrown nail	Edges of the nail become trapped under the skin, causing inflammation and, sometimes, infection.
injection	A fluid introduced into the body by a syringe and needle.
innate	Inborn, hereditary.
inoculation	The injection of a disease agent into the body to cause a mild form of the disease and build immunity.
inoperable	Not curable through surgery.
insanity	Any form or degree of mental disturbance or unsoundness of mind, permanent or temporary, that makes a person incapable of rational conduct or judgment.
insemination	To deposit sperm in the vagina.
insomnia	An inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep.
insulin	The hormone produced by the pancreas for regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
integument	Skin.
intercourse	The exchange of communication between individuals. Sexual intercourse is the sexual joining of two people; coitus.
intestine	The tube involved in digestion and extending from the stomach to the anus. Consists of the small intestine and the large intestine.
intoxication	Poisoning, or the state of being affected by a poisonous substance. Often used to describe drunkenness.
intracellular	Within a cell.
intradermal	Within the skin.
intramuscular	Within the muscle.
intrauterine	Within the womb.
intravenous	Within a vein. Intravenous infusion means to direct fluids through a needle or catheter directly into a vein.
intussusception	Telescoping a section of the intestine into an adjoining section.
iris	The colored portion of the eye. It's a muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil.
iritis	Inflammation of the iris.
irrigation	Washing of a body cavity or wound with a stream of water.
ischemia	A lack of blood supply to a body part.
IUD	Intrauterine device. Used for contraception.
IV	Intravenous.
IVP	Intravenous pyelography.

Phrase	Definition
jaundice	Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by the buildup of bile in the blood.
jejunum	The middle part of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum.
joint	The joining of two or more bones. In general, joints allow flexibility and mobility. However, some joints (for example, those in the skull) can't move.
jugular	Of the neck or throat, as in jugular veins.

Phrase	Definition
Kaposi's sarcoma	Bluish-purple nodules of the skin that often bleed. These frequently occur in people who have AIDS.
keloid	Excessive growth of scar tissue on the skin.
keratin	The main protein of skin, hair and nails.
keratitis	Inflammation of the cornea of the eye.
keratoconus	A deformity of the cornea in which the cornea resembles the end of a football.
ketones	The initial breakdown products of fatty acid metabolism. Unavailability of carbohydrates from starvation or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus increases the production of ketones. Too high a ketone level causes the blood chemistry to become acidic, a condition that's potentially life-threatening.
kidney	A pair of organs in the upper abdominal cavity that separate the body's water and waste products from the blood and excrete them as urine through the bladder.
knee	The complex hinge joint of the upper and lower leg involving the femur, tibia and patella.
knock-knee	A deformity in which the knees rub together or touch each other in walking.

Phrase	Definition
labia	Lip-shaped structures; often used to describe the outer folds of the female genitalia.
labor	The process or period of childbirth, especially the muscular contractions of giving birth.
labyrinth	The system of interconnecting canals and cavities in the inner ear. Plays an important role in hearing and in balance.
laceration	A wound caused by a cut from a sharp instrument or the tearing of body tissue.
lacrimation	Discharge of tears. “Watering” eyes.
lactase	An enzyme that converts the milk sugar lactose into glucose and galactose.
lactation	Secretion of milk by the breasts.
lactose	Milk sugar.
laryngitis	Inflammation of the larynx, resulting in a temporary loss of voice.
larynx	The voice box.
lateral	Toward the side, sideways.
lavage	Washing out of an organ, especially the stomach.
Legg-Calv�-Perthes disease	A disease in which the blood supply to the femur is reduced, causing the bone to collapse.
lens	1. A curved glass used to bring together or spread rays of light. 2. The transparent organ lying behind the iris and pupil that focuses light on the retina of the eye.
leprosy	A progressive infectious disease that attacks the skin, flesh and nerves; characterized by nodules, ulcers, scaly scabs, deformities and the eventual loss of sensation. Also called Hansen's disease.
lesion	Any damage to a tissue. Marks, spots, moles or other problems of the skin.
lethargy	A lack of energy; sluggishness, dullness or apathy.
leukemia	Cancer of the tissues in the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes.
leukocytes	White blood cells, the blood cells responsible for fighting infection.
leukopenia	A lower than normal number of leukocytes in the blood.
leukopheresis	Selective removal of the white blood cells from a donor's blood. The other components of the blood are then returned to the donor.
leukoplakia	Thick, white patches in the mouth that may become malignant.
lichen	Any of various skin diseases characterized by sores and enlarged skin markings.
ligament	A tough band of connective tissue connecting bones or holding organs in place.
ligature	A wire or thread used to tie off blood vessels or to close incisions or wounds.
lightening	The feeling of decreased abdominal pressure during the last few weeks of pregnancy caused by the uterus dropping into the pelvis.
limbus	Margin, or border. The margin of the cornea where it contacts the sclera.
lingua	Tongue.
lipid	Cholesterol, triglycerides and related substances.
lipocyte	A fat cell.
lipolysis	The splitting up, or destruction, of fat.
lipoma	Fatty tumor.
lipoprotein	Any of a group of proteins combined with a lipid that allow lipids to be transported in the circulatory system.
liposuction	A surgical procedure that changes body shape by removing fat cells.
litholysis	Breaking up of a stone, such as a gallstone.
lithotripsy	A procedure to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can more easily pass out of the body.
liver	The large organ in the upper right abdomen that functions in digestion and storage of food, disposal of worn-out red blood cells and detoxification of the body.
lobe	1. The fleshy lower part of the ear. 2. A well-defined portion of an organ.
lobectomy	Surgical removal of the lobe of an organ.
lobotomy	A surgical operation in which a lobe of the brain, especially the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, is cut into or across. This used to be a common procedure to calm selected psychotic patients before the development of modern tranquilizers.
lochia	The discharge from the vagina that occurs for several days to weeks after childbirth.
lockjaw	Tetanus infection.
loins	The portion of the back between the rib cage and pelvis.
lordosis	Forward curvature of the spine, producing a hollow in the back.
LSD	Lysergic acid diethylamide. A hallucinogenic drug.
lumbago	Pain in the lower back.
lumbar	Having to do with the lower back, the loins.
lungs	The main respiratory organs in the chest where blood is oxygenated.
lupus erythematosus	A usually chronic inflammatory disease that causes abnormalities of blood vessels and connective tissue in various parts of the body.
luteinizing hormone	A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, responsible for stimulating ovulation in the female and testosterone production in the male.
Lyme disease	A disease spread by deer ticks characterized at first by a skin rash, headache and fever, and later by arthritis and heart damage.
lymph	Consists primarily of a clear, yellowish fluid and white blood cells. Found in the lymphatic system.
lymph node	Any of many small, compact structures lying in groups along the course of the lymphatic vessels and producing lymphocytes.
lymphadenitis	Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
lymphangitis	Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel.
lymphatic system	The vessels and structures involved in carrying lymph from the tissues to the blood.
lymphedema	Swelling of tissue because of the buildup of too much lymph fluid.
lymphocyte	A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) involved in the production of antibodies and the development of immunity.
lymphoma	A malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissues.

Phrase	Definition
macrophage	A large cell that engulfs and digests foreign material.
macula	The central part of the retina with the highest density of light receptors. Responsible for detailed vision.
macule	A discolored, flat spot of skin.
malady	Illness.
malaria	An infectious disease of the tropics characterized by high fever and chills. The fever typically recurs every third day. Some forms of malaria can be fatal.
malignancy	A tendency to worsen to a more serious illness or death. Commonly used to describe cancer.
malingering	Deliberate exaggeration of the symptoms of an illness or injury for gain. For example, pretending to be ill in order to escape duty or work.
malleolus	The rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle.
malleus	A small bone in the middle ear, often called the hammer.
malnutrition	Poor nourishment resulting from an inadequate or improper diet.
malocclusion	Improper meeting of the upper and lower teeth.
malunion	Improper healing of the pieces of a broken bone.
mammary	Having to do with the breast.
mandible	The lower jaw.
mania	A mental disorder. Characterized by extreme excitement and energy.
manic-depressive	A mental disorder marked by alternating periods of excitability and depression. Also called bipolar affective disorder.
marijuana	A drug derived from the leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant. Makes the user feel euphoric.
marrow	The soft, sponge-like material inside the bones.
masculinization	Development of male sex characteristics in a female.
masochism	Pleasure from personal, psychological or physical pain.
mastectomy	Surgical removal of the breast.
mastitis	Inflammation of the breast.
mastoid	A bony, rounded projection of the skull located behind each ear.
mastoiditis	An infection of the mastoid bone that can cause redness, warmth, swelling and pain behind the ear, sometimes with drainage from the ear.
masturbation	Sexual self-stimulation.
maxillae	The pair of bones forming the upper jaw.
measles	A highly contagious viral disease occurring most frequently in childhood and characterized by small, red spots on the skin, high fever and nasal discharge.
Meckel's diverticulum	A sac that may form in the small intestine, present at birth.
meconium	The greenish fecal matter in a fetus, forming the first bowel movement of a newborn infant.
median nerve	The nerve that stimulates some of the muscles of the hand and wrist.
mediastinum	The tissues and organs located directly behind the sternum between the lungs. Contains the heart and its large vessels, the esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes and other structures and tissues.
medulla	The inner part of an organ. The adrenal medulla is the center of the adrenal gland where epinephrine (adrenaline) is produced.
medulla oblongata	The part of the brain just above the spinal cord that includes the control centers for breathing, circulation and heartbeat.
meibomian gland	A type of gland of the eyelid's inner surface. Inflammation of a meibomian gland can produce a swelling called a chalazion.
melancholia	A mental state characterized by extreme sadness. A severe form of depression.
melanin	A brownish-black pigment normally found in skin, hair and parts of the eye.
melanoma	A dark-colored tumor, especially malignant melanoma, that is a form of skin cancer that can spread from one part of the body to another.
melasma	Dark coloring of the skin often seen during pregnancy and at menopause. Also occurs in Addison's disease.
melena	Black-colored feces caused by the presence of blood.
membrane	A thin layer of tissue covering an organ.
menarche	A woman's first menstrual period.
M�ni�re's syndrome	A disorder of the inner ear characterized by dizziness, ringing in the ears and progressive hearing loss.
meninges	The three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
meningioma	Tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow-growing.
meningitis	Inflammation of the meninges as the result of infection by bacteria or viruses. Symptoms include high fever, headache, stiff neck and vomiting. This is a life-threatening disease that must be treated promptly.
meniscus	The cartilage in the knee joint.
menopause	The time at which the menstrual cycle gradually stops. Sometimes referred to as the “change of life.”
menorrhagia	Heavy bleeding during menstruation.
menstruation	The periodic discharge of blood and tissues from the uterus. This usually occurs about every four weeks in a woman who isn't pregnant. Also called “a period.”
metabolism	The chemical and physical processes involved in building up, storing and using materials required for life.
metacarpal	Any of the five bones that make up the hand and join the wrist to the fingers.
metaphysis	The wider portion at the end of a long bone where growth occurs in infants and children.
metastasis	The spread of a disease from its primary site in the body to another location in the body. Usually refers to cancer, but can be used to refer to infection.
metatarsal	Any of the five bones of the foot directly jointed to each of the toes.
metra	Uterus.
metritis	Inflammation of the uterus.
metrorrhagia	Uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount occurring at irregular intervals.
microbe	A microorganism, such as bacterium.
microbiology	The study of living microbes, including bacteria, protozoa and molds.
microencephaly	Having an abnormally small brain.
microorganism	A microscopic plant or animal.
midwife	A person who helps women at childbirth, but who isn't a nurse or physician.
migraine	A group of symptoms that includes a severe headache, usually on one side of the head, and often accompanied by visual disturbances, nausea, irritability and other symptoms.
milia	Pinhead-sized whitish skin lesions found on the face or trunk of some newborn infants.
miliaria	“Prickly heat” or “heat rash” as a result of inflammation of the sweat glands and characterized by small, white or red skin eruptions.
miscarriage	Natural loss of a fetus from the womb before it is sufficiently developed to survive. Also called spontaneous abortion.
mitral valve	The valve of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents the flow of blood back into the atrium when the heart muscle is contracting.
mittelschmerz	Pelvic pain between periods, corresponding to the release of an ovum (egg) by an ovary.
mole	1. A fleshy, pigmented skin blemish. 2. A mass of uterine tissue formed by a failure of the normal fertilization process during conception.
molluscum contagiosum	A viral infection of the skin characterized by lesions with depressed centers containing a curd-like substance.
mongolism	A condition present at birth characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face and slanting eyes. Also called Down syndrome.
monocyte	A large white blood cell leukocyte.
mononucleosis	An infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Also called “mono.”
morbid	1. Pathologic or abnormal. 2. Having to do with, or characterized by, disease.
morning sickness	Nausea and vomiting occurring during pregnancy.
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging.
mucosa	The membrane covering canals and cavities that open on the outside of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. Also called mucous membrane.
mumps	A viral disease of childhood characterized by swelling of the parotid (salivary) glands and fever.
murmur	An extra heart sound that may be normal or abnormal.
muscle	Tissue made up of bundles of long, slender cells that contract when stimulated.
mutation	A damaged gene that may produce a disease or deficiency.
mute	An inability or unwillingness to speak.
myalgia	Muscle pain.
myasthenia gravis	A chronic disease characterized by muscular weakness and fatigue.
myelin	The fat-like substance that insulates certain nerve fibers.
myocarditis	Inflammation of the heart muscle.
myoma	A tumor of muscle cells.
myopia	Nearsightedness.
myositis	Inflammation of a muscle.
myringotomy	An incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure or release fluid.

Phrase	Definition
macrophage	A large cell that engulfs and digests foreign material.
macula	The central part of the retina with the highest density of light receptors. Responsible for detailed vision.
macule	A discolored, flat spot of skin.
malady	Illness.
malaria	An infectious disease of the tropics characterized by high fever and chills. The fever typically recurs every third day. Some forms of malaria can be fatal.
malignancy	A tendency to worsen to a more serious illness or death. Commonly used to describe cancer.
malingering	Deliberate exaggeration of the symptoms of an illness or injury for gain. For example, pretending to be ill in order to escape duty or work.
malleolus	The rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle.
malleus	A small bone in the middle ear, often called the hammer.
malnutrition	Poor nourishment resulting from an inadequate or improper diet.
malocclusion	Improper meeting of the upper and lower teeth.
malunion	Improper healing of the pieces of a broken bone.
mammary	Having to do with the breast.
mandible	The lower jaw.
mania	A mental disorder. Characterized by extreme excitement and energy.
manic-depressive	A mental disorder marked by alternating periods of excitability and depression. Also called bipolar affective disorder.
marijuana	A drug derived from the leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant. Makes the user feel euphoric.
marrow	The soft, sponge-like material inside the bones.
masculinization	Development of male sex characteristics in a female.
masochism	Pleasure from personal, psychological or physical pain.
mastectomy	Surgical removal of the breast.
mastitis	Inflammation of the breast.
mastoid	A bony, rounded projection of the skull located behind each ear.
mastoiditis	An infection of the mastoid bone that can cause redness, warmth, swelling and pain behind the ear, sometimes with drainage from the ear.
masturbation	Sexual self-stimulation.
maxillae	The pair of bones forming the upper jaw.
measles	A highly contagious viral disease occurring most frequently in childhood and characterized by small, red spots on the skin, high fever and nasal discharge.
Meckel's diverticulum	A sac that may form in the small intestine, present at birth.
meconium	The greenish fecal matter in a fetus, forming the first bowel movement of a newborn infant.
median nerve	The nerve that stimulates some of the muscles of the hand and wrist.
mediastinum	The tissues and organs located directly behind the sternum between the lungs. Contains the heart and its large vessels, the esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes and other structures and tissues.
medulla	The inner part of an organ. The adrenal medulla is the center of the adrenal gland where epinephrine (adrenaline) is produced.
medulla oblongata	The part of the brain just above the spinal cord that includes the control centers for breathing, circulation and heartbeat.
meibomian gland	A type of gland of the eyelid's inner surface. Inflammation of a meibomian gland can produce a swelling called a chalazion.
melancholia	A mental state characterized by extreme sadness. A severe form of depression.
melanin	A brownish-black pigment normally found in skin, hair and parts of the eye.
melanoma	A dark-colored tumor, especially malignant melanoma, that is a form of skin cancer that can spread from one part of the body to another.
melasma	Dark coloring of the skin often seen during pregnancy and at menopause. Also occurs in Addison's disease.
melena	Black-colored feces caused by the presence of blood.
membrane	A thin layer of tissue covering an organ.
menarche	A woman's first menstrual period.
M�ni�re's syndrome	A disorder of the inner ear characterized by dizziness, ringing in the ears and progressive hearing loss.
meninges	The three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
meningioma	Tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow-growing.
meningitis	Inflammation of the meninges as the result of infection by bacteria or viruses. Symptoms include high fever, headache, stiff neck and vomiting. This is a life-threatening disease that must be treated promptly.
meniscus	The cartilage in the knee joint.
menopause	The time at which the menstrual cycle gradually stops. Sometimes referred to as the “change of life.”
menorrhagia	Heavy bleeding during menstruation.
menstruation	The periodic discharge of blood and tissues from the uterus. This usually occurs about every four weeks in a woman who isn't pregnant. Also called “a period.”
metabolism	The chemical and physical processes involved in building up, storing and using materials required for life.
metacarpal	Any of the five bones that make up the hand and join the wrist to the fingers.
metaphysis	The wider portion at the end of a long bone where growth occurs in infants and children.
metastasis	The spread of a disease from its primary site in the body to another location in the body. Usually refers to cancer, but can be used to refer to infection.
metatarsal	Any of the five bones of the foot directly jointed to each of the toes.
metra	Uterus.
metritis	Inflammation of the uterus.
metrorrhagia	Uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount occurring at irregular intervals.
microbe	A microorganism, such as bacterium.
microbiology	The study of living microbes, including bacteria, protozoa and molds.
microencephaly	Having an abnormally small brain.
microorganism	A microscopic plant or animal.
midwife	A person who helps women at childbirth, but who isn't a nurse or physician.
migraine	A group of symptoms that includes a severe headache, usually on one side of the head, and often accompanied by visual disturbances, nausea, irritability and other symptoms.
milia	Pinhead-sized whitish skin lesions found on the face or trunk of some newborn infants.
miliaria	“Prickly heat” or “heat rash” as a result of inflammation of the sweat glands and characterized by small, white or red skin eruptions.
miscarriage	Natural loss of a fetus from the womb before it is sufficiently developed to survive. Also called spontaneous abortion.
mitral valve	The valve of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents the flow of blood back into the atrium when the heart muscle is contracting.
mittelschmerz	Pelvic pain between periods, corresponding to the release of an ovum (egg) by an ovary.
mole	1. A fleshy, pigmented skin blemish. 2. A mass of uterine tissue formed by a failure of the normal fertilization process during conception.
molluscum contagiosum	A viral infection of the skin characterized by lesions with depressed centers containing a curd-like substance.
mongolism	A condition present at birth characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face and slanting eyes. Also called Down syndrome.
monocyte	A large white blood cell leukocyte.
mononucleosis	An infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Also called “mono.”
morbid	1. Pathologic or abnormal. 2. Having to do with, or characterized by, disease.
morning sickness	Nausea and vomiting occurring during pregnancy.
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging.
mucosa	The membrane covering canals and cavities that open on the outside of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. Also called mucous membrane.
mumps	A viral disease of childhood characterized by swelling of the parotid (salivary) glands and fever.
murmur	An extra heart sound that may be normal or abnormal.
muscle	Tissue made up of bundles of long, slender cells that contract when stimulated.
mutation	A damaged gene that may produce a disease or deficiency.
mute	An inability or unwillingness to speak.
myalgia	Muscle pain.
myasthenia gravis	A chronic disease characterized by muscular weakness and fatigue.
myelin	The fat-like substance that insulates certain nerve fibers.
myocarditis	Inflammation of the heart muscle.
myoma	A tumor of muscle cells.
myopia	Nearsightedness.
myositis	Inflammation of a muscle.
myringotomy	An incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure or release fluid.

Phrase	Definition
obesity	Having too much body fat. A weight more than 20% above the normal range.
obsession	An ongoing preoccupation with an idea.
obsessive-compulsive	Marked by a need to repeatedly perform certain behaviors or rituals.
obstetrics	The branch of medicine that deals with the care and treatment of women during pregnancy and childbirth.
occiput	The back of the head.
occult	Hidden from view.
occupational illness	Any illness caused or aggravated by a person's job.
occupational therapy	Teaching useful skills to sick or handicapped people to promote rehabilitation and healing.
ocular	Having to do with the eye.
odontalgia	Toothache.
olecranon	The projection of the ulna (the larger of the two bones in the forearm) at the elbow.
olfactory	Having to do with the sense of smell.
oligomenorrhea	Light menstrual flow.
oligospermia	A low number of sperm in the semen.
oliguria	A condition characterized by an abnormally small output of urine.
oncology	The study of tumors.
oophorectomy	The surgical removal of an ovary.
ophthalmology	The branch of medicine that pertains to the eye and its diseases.
optic neuritis	Inflammation of the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. Symptoms include pain with eye movement, blurred vision and sometimes temporary blindness.
optical	Having to do with vision.
optometry	The practice of eye and vision care.
orbit	The bony cavity containing the eyeball. Eye socket.
orchiectomy	The surgical removal of one or both testicles. Also called castration.
organ	A structural unit of an animal or plant that serves a specific function.
organic	Having to do with substances derived from living organisms.
orgasm	Sexual climax.
orifice	The entrance or outlet of a body cavity.
oropharynx	The part of the pharynx behind the mouth and tongue.
orthodontics	The branch of dentistry that deals with the correction of irregularities of the teeth and related facial problems.
orthopedics	The branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of deformities, diseases and injuries of the bones, joints and muscles.
orthopnea	Difficulty breathing when lying flat.
oscillation	A back-and-forth motion; vibration.
Osgood-Schlatter disease	Inflammation of the bone and cartilage of the shin bone, just below the knee.
ossicle	A small bone.
osteoarthritis	A slowly progressive form of arthritis, usually found in older people. Characterized by deterioration of bone cartilage.
osteoma	A bony tumor.
osteomalacia	Softening of the bones resulting from deficient bone calcium.
osteomyelitis	Infection of a bone.
osteopathy	A system of therapy emphasizing primary medical care and the importance of body mechanics and manipulation to correct abnormalities.
osteoporosis	A bone disorder characterized by a reduction in bone density, chiefly found in women who have passed menopause and the elderly.
ostomy	A procedure done to make a passageway for waste. A colostomy is an example.
otic	Having to do with the ear.
otitis	Inflammation of the ear. Otitis externa (inflammation of the ear canal) is also called swimmer's ear, while otitis media is a middle-ear infection.
ovary	The female sex gland that contains ova, or eggs.
ovulation	The process in which an ovum is released from the ovary.
ovum	Egg; the female reproductive element.
oximeter	A device for determining the oxygen saturation level of the blood.
oxygen	A chemical element essential for sustaining life.
oxytocin	A pituitary hormone that encourages the pregnant uterus to contract and is sometimes used to induce labor. It also encourages milk to be expressed during breastfeeding.

Phrase	Definition
Paget's disease	1. A type of cancer usually involving the breast's larger ducts, areola and nipples. 2. A disease characterized by weakened and deformed bones.
palate	The roof of the mouth.
palliative	Controlling symptoms without curing the disease.
pallor	Pale appearance of the skin.
palpate	To feel with the fingers.
palpebra	The eyelid.
palpitation	A sensation that the heart is beating too rapidly or strongly.
palsy	See paralysis.
panacea	A remedy for all diseases.
pancreas	A gland located below and behind the stomach and liver that produces insulin and glucagon, the hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
pancreatitis	Inflammation of the pancreas.
pandemic	A widespread epidemic.
panic	A sudden attack of anxiety.
papilla	A small nipple-shaped projection.
papilledema	Swelling of the optic disk. May be due to an increase of pressure in the skull.
papilloma	A benign tumor of the skin or mucous membranes. A wart.
papule	A solid, raised skin lesion.
para-aminobenzoic acid	PABA, a substance used in suntan lotion and used clinically to treat rickettsial diseases.
paracentesis	Surgical removal of fluid from a cavity.
parainfluenza virus	One of a group of viruses that cause a variety of upper respiratory diseases.
paralysis	Inability to move parts of the body.
paranasal sinuses	The mucosa-lined cavities in the bones of the skull that open into the passages of the nose.
paranoia	A mental disorder characterized by a belief that others are out to get you.
paraplegia	Inability to feel or move the legs.
parasite	An organism that lives on or in the tissues of another organism and draws its nourishment from the host.
paraspadias	A developmental abnormality in which the urethra opens along one side of the penis.
parathyroid glands	Two pair of small glands situated next to or in the thyroid gland that are involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
parenteral	Inside the body, but outside the intestines.
paresis	Partial or slight loss of feeling or movement.
paresthesia	An abnormal sensation of burning or prickling on the skin, caused by a disorder of the nervous system.
Parkinson's disease	A progressive disease of the brain. Characterized by tremors and muscle stiffness.
parotid glands	The largest of the salivary glands, located near the ears.
paroxysm	A sudden attack, or raised level of intensity, of symptoms.
pasteurization	Heating milk or other substances to a temperature of 140ºF for 30 minutes to kill harmful bacteria.
patella	The kneecap.
pathogen	Any agent that causes disease.
pathology	The study of changes caused by disease.
pectoral	Having to do with the chest or breast.
pectus carinatum	An abnormally prominent sternum or breastbone. Also called pigeon breast.
pectus excavatum	A defect of the sternum that's present at birth.
pedal	Having to do with the feet.
pediatrics	The branch of medicine that deals with the development and care of infants and children.
pediculosis	Infestation with lice.
pelvis	The bony structure formed by the sacrum, coccyx, ilium, pubis and ischium.
pemphigus	A skin condition characterized by large blisters.
penis	The male external sex organ.
pepsin	A digestive enzyme found in the stomach.
peptic	Having to do with the stomach.
percutaneous	Introduced through the skin.
perforation	A hole or break through a membrane or the wall of an organ.
pericarditis	Inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart.
pericardium	The fibrous sac the heart.
perineum	The pelvic floor. In females, the region from the vagina to the anus. In males, the region from the base of the scrotum to the anus.
periodontitis	Inflammation of the tissues around the teeth.
periosteum	The connective tissue covering the bones of the body.
peripheral	At or near the surface of the body. Located away from the center structure.
peristalsis	The waves of contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract.
peritoneum	The membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavity.
peritonitis	Inflammation of the peritoneum.
pernicious	Fatal.
pernicious anemia	Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
pertussis	See whooping cough.
petit mal	A mild seizure with a momentary loss of consciousness.
phagocyte	Any cell that destroys invading microorganisms.
phagomania	An obsession with eating.
pharmacist	A person licensed to mix and dispense drugs.
pharyngitis	Inflammation of the pharynx. Also called a sore throat.
pharynx	The cavity of the canal leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and the esophagus.
phenylalanine	An essential amino acid occurring in proteins. A small amount of phenylalanine is necessary in the diet to make the proteins that form human tissues.
phenylketonuria (PKU)	A rare inherited disorder. Causes an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid that's a common part of many proteins that form tissues in the body. Left untreated, it causes severe mental retardation in infants.
phimosis	Excessive tightness of the foreskin of the penis.
phlebitis	Inflammation of a vein.
phlebotomy	Withdrawal of blood from a vein.
phlegm	Mucus, especially mucus produced by the lungs during inflammation or infection.
phobia	Any persistent, unreasonable abnormal fear.
phonation	Making vocal sounds.
photophobia	Abnormal intolerance of light.
physician	A doctor. An authorized practitioner of medicine.
physiology	The branch of medicine that deals with the function of the various parts of the living organism.
pigeon toe	A foot condition where the toes turn in.
piles	See hemorrhoids.
pilus	Hair.
pimple	A small, elevated skin lesion.
pinguecula	A yellowish spot on the cornea of the eye that sometimes occurs in the elderly.
pink eye	Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Also called conjunctivitis.
pinna	The part of the ear that's projected outside of the head.
pinworm	A parasite, Enterobius vermicularis, that can cause intense itching around the anus.
pituitary gland	The gland that secretes hormones that influence body growth, metabolism and the function of other endocrine glands.
pityriasis	A skin condition in which the skin forms thin, dry scales.
placebo	A harmless substance that resembles a medicine; often used to test the effectiveness of medicines.
placenta	A spongy structure that grows on the uterine wall during pregnancy and provides nutrition to the fetus.
plague	1. Any contagious epidemic disease that is deadly. 2. An infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that can be spread from animals to humans and is normally spread to humans by fleas (called bubonic plague) or from person to person by respiratory droplets (called pnenmonic plague). Both forms have a high death rate.
plantar	Having to do with the sole of the foot.
plasma	The fluid portion of the blood.
platelet	A thrombocyte, the smallest of the formed components of blood, associated with blood clotting.
pleura	The membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the walls of the chest cavity.
pleurisy	Inflammation of the pleura.
plexus	A network of nerves or veins.
plumbism	Chronic lead poisoning.
pneumoconiosis	Any of several lung diseases caused by inhaling particles of industrial substances.
pneumonia	Acute inflammation or infection of the lungs.
pneumothorax	The buildup of air or gas in the chest cavity. May cause lung collapse.
podiatry	The branch of medicine that pertains to the foot and its ailments.
poison	A substance that causes illness or death when eaten, drunk or absorbed into the body.
poliomyelitis	An acute, infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system. Sometimes causes paralysis that can result in permanent deformities. Vaccines are available. Also called polio.
pollen	The male fertilizing element of flowering plants.
polycythemia	Abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells or hematocrit.
polydactyly	Extra fingers or toes.
polydipsia	Excessive thirst.
polyhidrosis	Excessive sweating.
polyp	A growth extending outward from a mucous membrane.
polypectomy	Surgical removal of a polyp.
polyuria	Excessive, frequent urination.
pons	A piece of connecting tissue, specifically the bridge of white matter at the base of the brain.
popliteal	Having to do with the area behind the knee.
pore	A small opening.
posterior	At or toward the back.
postoperative	After surgery.
postpartum	After childbirth.
preeclampsia	A complication of pregnancy. The development of hypertension with protein in the urine, buildup of fluid (edema) or both.
premenstrual syndrome	PMS. Headache, irritability, edema (swelling), abdominal discomfort, pelvic pain and nausea in the days before the start of the menstrual periods of some women.
prepuce	A covering fold of skin, such as the foreskin of the penis.
presbycusis	Hearing loss due to old age.
presbyopia	A form of farsightedness occurring after middle age. Caused by a loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens with age.
prescription	A physician's written direction for preparation and use of a medicine.
prevalence	The number of cases of a specific disease in a given population at a certain point in time.
proctitis	Inflammation of the rectum.
prodrome	Symptoms marking the onset of an illness.
progeny	Children.
progeria	Premature aging.
progesterone	A steroid produced by the ovaries to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum (egg).
prognosis	The probable outcome of a disease.
prolactin	The pituitary hormone that promotes the growth of breast tissue and encourages the production of milk.
prolapse	The falling or slipping out of place of an internal organ, such as when the uterus falls into the vagina.
prostate	A male reproductive gland that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra.
prosthesis	An artificial substitute for a missing body part.
protein	An organic compound composed primarily of amino acids.
proteinuria	Protein in the urine.
pruritus	Itching.
psoriasis	Chronic, recurring skin disease characterized by red, inflamed patches covered with scales.
psychiatry	The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders.
psychoanalysis	A technique developed by Sigmund Freud for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
psychology	The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
psychopath	A person with a mental disorder characterized by the conspicuous disregard for the rights and needs of others, the lack of remorse and the lack of empathy for others.
psychosis	A mental disorder with serious derangement of the thinking process, often including delusions or hallucinations.
ptilosis	Shedding of the eyelashes.
ptosis	A prolapse or falling of some organ or structure, especially the drooping of a paralyzed upper eyelid.
puberty	The stage of life during which the secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop and sexual reproduction becomes possible.
pubis	The most forward bone of the pelvis.
puerperium	The period of time just after childbirth.
pulmonary	Having to do with the lungs.
pulse	The heartbeat as felt through the walls of an artery.
puncture	A wound produced by a pointed object.
pupil	The opening in the center of the iris.
purpura	Movement of blood into the soft tissues, producing bruises.
purulent	Containing pus.
pus	A thick fluid produced in certain infections.
pustule	A small pus-containing blister.
pyelitis	Inflammation of the urine-collecting system within the kidney.
pyelonephritis	Kidney infection.
pylorus	The junction of the stomach and the small intestine.
pyodermatitis	Skin infection producing pus.
pyridoxine	Vitamin B6, sometimes used to treat nausea in pregnancy or to manage premenstrual syndrome symptoms.
pyrogen	Something that causes fever.

Phrase	Definition
quackery	Misrepresentation of a product's or person's ability to diagnose and treat disease.
quadriceps	The name applied collectively to a group of four thigh muscles that insert together into the tendon surrounding the kneecap.
quadriplegia	Loss of feeling and movement of the arms and legs.
quarantine	Any isolation or restriction placed on movement to or from a place where communicable diseases have been diagnosed.
quickening	The first perceived movements of a fetus in the uterus.

Phrase	Definition
rabies	A fatal, if untreated, viral disease of mammals that's spread to humans by the bite of infected animal.
rad	Radiation absorbed dose. A unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation.
radiculopathy	A disease or other problem affecting a nerve root.
radioisotope	A radioactive form of an element. Used in certain diagnostic tests.
radiology	The branch of medicine that deals with the use of x-rays.
radon	A colorless, radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium. The presence of sufficient quantities of this gas in homes is linked with the development of lung cancer.
rash	Visual marks or spots that appear on the skin.
Raynaud's phenomenon	A circulation disorder characterized by changes of blood flow, resulting in the hands and feet becoming pale, followed by redness and pain. This condition may be caused by cold, vibrations or emotions.
recrudescence	To reoccur after a temporary absence.
rectum	The last portion of the large intestine.
reflux	A return flow.
refraction	1. The bending of a ray or wave of light from one medium to a medium of a different density. 2. The amount of error in the eye and the correction of that error with glasses to restore normal vision.
regurgitation	The return of partly digested food from the stomach to the mouth or of blood in a reverse direction through the valves of the heart.
rehabilitation	The process of restoring one's ability to live as normally as possible after an injury or illness.
Reiter's syndrome	A complex group of symptoms marked by inflammation of the urethra or cervix, conjunctiva and joints.
relapse	The return of a disease after its apparent resolution.
REM	Rapid eye movement. The phase of sleep associated with dreaming and distinguished from the other stages of sleep by rapid movement of the eyes.
remedy	Anything that cures.
remission	Improvement of the symptoms of a disease.
renal	Having to do with the kidney.
reservoir	A medical term used to describe a source of organisms causing a disease.
respiration	The act or process of breathing. The process by which a living organism or cell takes in oxygen from the air or water and uses it.
resuscitation	Restoring the heartbeat and/or breathing in someone who's apparently dead. Also called artificial respiration.
retardation	Delay or halt of any process such as mental or physical development.
retina	The innermost layer of the eyeball. The retina contains the light-sensing rods and cones used for vision.
retinopathy	Degeneration of the retina.
retrobulbar	Behind the eyeball.
retrovirus	A virus that produces DNA from RNA (the opposite of the normal order). A group of viruses that includes HIV.
Rh factor	One of the antigens present on red blood cells. Used in categorizing the type of blood a person has.
rheumatism	Pain in the muscles and joints. Characterized by inflammation and stiffness. Sometimes used to describe arthritis, bursitis and sciatica.
rhinitis	Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose.
rhinoplasty	Plastic surgery of the nose.
rhinorrhea	Runny nose.
rickets	A condition resulting from a vitamin D deficiency in childhood. Characterized by the softening of the bones and associated deformities.
ringworm	A fungal infection of the skin.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	An infectious disease spread by tick bites.
roseola infantum	A common viral infection of young children. Characterized by high fever, irritability and a faint rose-colored rash that appears on the fourth day when the fever subsides.
rubella	A mild childhood disease that causes fever and rash. Although rubella is mild in childhood, it's dangerous to pregnant women because it can cause birth defects. Also called German measles.
rubeola	A type of measles that can lead to serious complications and death.

Phrase	Definition
sac	Pouch; a bag-like structure.
saccharin	A compound that's hundreds of times sweeter than table sugar. Used as an artificial sweetener.
sacroiliac	Having to do with the joint formed by the sacrum and the ilium in the lower back.
saliva	An enzyme-containing thin, watery secretion of the salivary glands.
salivary gland	Any one of the three pairs of glands of the mouth (parotid, submaxillary and sublingual) that release saliva.
salmonella	A form of food poisoning characterized by fever and intestinal disorder due to Salmonella bacteria.
salve	Ointment.
sanguineous	Bloody.
scabies	An itchy, contagious skin condition caused by mites.
scapula	The shoulder blade.
scarlet fever	Fever and skin reaction caused by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria, usually following a streptococcal infection of the throat, middle ear or skin.
schizophrenia	A chronic mental disorder characterized by an inability to differentiate reality from fantasy. Often associated with hallucinations or delusions.
sciatica	Pain or inflammation going from the back to the buttock along the sciatic nerve.
sclera	The tough white covering of the eyeball.
scleritis	Inflammation of the sclera, causing pain, redness and possible loss of vision. Can be a complication of rheumatoid arthritis.
scleroderma	A chronic disease characterized by hardening or thickening of the skin due to abnormal tissue growth.
sclerosis	Hardening.
scoliosis	Abnormal curvature of the spine, usually develops during the rapid growth of puberty.
scotoma	A blind spot in an area of otherwise normal vision.
scratch test	A test for allergies in which small amounts of potential allergens are inserted in small scratches made in the skin.
scrotum	The skin-covered sac that contains the testes.
scurvy	A condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Symptoms include loss of appetite, bleeding gums, bruising, inability to gain weight and irritability.
sebaceous cyst	A benign cyst containing oil and cells from a sebaceous gland.
sebaceous glands	Small glands in the skin that release an oily substance through the hair follicles.
seborrhea	Greasy scales or cheesy plugs resulting from overproduction of the sebaceous glands.
seborrheic keratoses	Skin growths that may be smooth or warty-looking, of varying size, and flesh-colored, brown or black. Often appear on the trunk or temples. Often occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Also called senile warts.
seizure	An attack of epilepsy.
semen	The ejaculate of the male consisting of sperm and secretions from the prostate, seminal glands and other glands.
semicircular canals	The three loop-shaped tubular passages of the inner ear that control the sense of balance.
seminiferous	Carrying or producing semen.
sensorium	The state of a person's mental awareness.
sepsis	When disease-causing bacteria from an area of infection spread into the bloodstream and tissues.
septum	A wall dividing an organ or cavity, as in the nose.
serology	The study of the antigen-antibody reaction.
serotonin	A chemical used to transmit information from one nerve cell to another.
serum	The clear, yellowish-colored liquid portion of blood.
shigellosis	A diarrheal disease caused by Shigella bacteria.
shingles	A viral infection of certain sensory nerves that causes pain and blisters on the skin along the course of the infected nerve. Also called herpes zoster.
shock	A disorder resulting from disruption of the circulation of the blood that can upset all body functions.
shoulder	The ball-and-socket joint connecting the arm with the body.
shunt	To surgically divert the flow (such as of blood) from one organ or pathway to another.
Siamese twins	Identical twins born joined together.
sickle cell anemia	A genetic condition characterized by abnormal red blood cells containing a defective form of hemoglobin. Sickle cell anemia occurs in people who inherit the gene from both parents. Found chiefly in black populations and causes anemia, jaundice and recurring attacks of fever and pain in the arms, legs and abdomen.
sickle cell trait	Inheriting the gene for sickle cell anemia from only one parent. It causes no symptoms.
sigmoid	S-shaped.
sinew	A tendon or fibrous cord.
sinus	A cavity in a bone or other tissue. Commonly used to describe the cavities in the skull that open into the nasal cavity.
sinusitis	Inflammation and infection of the sinuses.
sitz bath	A bath in which only the hips and buttocks are immersed in water for relief of rectal or vaginal discomfort.
skeleton	The hard bony framework of the human body that supports the tissues and protects the organs.
skull	The bony framework of the head.
smallpox	A viral disease that was once highly contagious. Characterized by high fever, vomiting, and blisters and sores on the skin. Vaccination has eliminated this disease.
smooth muscle	A type of muscle tissue controlled by the involuntary nervous system, occurring in the walls of the uterus, intestines or blood vessels.
sneeze	To exhale breath from the nose and mouth in a sudden, involuntary action as a result of irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose.
Snellen's chart	A chart of block letters used to test distant vision.
snoring	Harsh breathing sounds during sleep caused by the vibration of the soft palate during inhalation.
soft palate	The soft part of the roof of the mouth in the back, toward the throat.
soft tissue	The substance of an organic body or organ consisting of cells and intercellular materials. The muscles and other nonbony tissues of the body.
solar plexus	The network of nerves in the center of the abdomen.
spasm	A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles.
specimen	A sample taken to study the nature of the whole.
speculum	An instrument for opening a body cavity to permit visual inspection.
sperm	The male germ cell. Also called spermatozoon.
sphincter	A ring-shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening in the body and can open or close it by relaxing or contracting.
sphygmomanometer	An instrument for measuring blood pressure. An inflatable blood-pressure cuff.
spina bifida	A birth defect caused by imperfect closure of part of the spinal column, exposing some of the nervous system.
spirochete	Spiral-shaped bacteria.
spleen	The blood-forming and -storing organ located under the ribs in the upper left portion of the abdomen.
splenomegaly	Enlargement of the spleen.
splint	A device for holding broken or injured parts in place.
spondylitis	Inflammation of the vertebrae.
spondylosis	Narrowing of the spinal column resulting in reduction of the spaces between the vertebrae which may cause compression of the nerve roots.
sprain	A twisting or stretching injury of a ligament or muscle of a joint, with or without dislocating a bone.
spur	A projecting body. For example, from a bone.
sputum	Mucus secreted by the lungs, bronchi and trachea that's ejected by coughing or clearing the throat.
stapedectomy	Surgical removal of the stapes.
stapedioplasty	Replacement of the stapes with other materials (wire, bone, plastic).
stapes	A small bone of the middle ear. Also called the stirrup.
stenosis	Narrowing of a body passage or opening.
sterile	1. Free from living microorganisms. 2. Unable to have children.
sternum	The breastbone.
Stevens-Johnson reaction	An inflammatory disease characterized by rapid attack of fever, skin blisters and sores on the lips, eyes, mouth, nasal passage and genitals.
stoma	1. Mouth-like opening. 2. An opening used for drainage.
stomatitis	Inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.
stool	Feces, or bowel movement.
strabismus	A deviation in which both eyes aren't trained on the same spot. Also called crossed eyes or lazy eye.
strain	1. To filter. 2. Excessive effort. 3. Overstretching a portion of a muscle. 4. Within a species, a group of organisms characterized by a particular trait or quality.
stress	1. Pressure; strain. 2. Any condition that causes mental or physical strain or tension.
stridor	A harsh or squeaky sound in breathing, often associated with a blocked larynx.
stroke	Deprivation of the blood supply to the brain due to blockage of a blood vessel. Results in unconsciousness, paralysis or other neurologic symptoms.
stye	Infection of one of the sebaceous glands of the edge of the eyelid.
subcutaneous	Just beneath the skin.
subdural	Beneath the dura mater, the covering of the brain.
subliminal	Below the threshold of conscious awareness.
subluxation	Partial dislocation.
subungual	Beneath a nail.
sucrose	A natural sugar obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets used as a sweetening agent. Also called table sugar.
suicide	Taking one's own life.
sunburn	A skin inflammation caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tanning beds or other sources.
sunstroke	A serious failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanism resulting from excessive exposure to intense heat. Also called heat stroke.
superinfection	Sudden growth of a different type of bacteria than the type originally diagnosed and treated. This is a common cause of treatment failure because the new type of bacteria is often resistant to first-line antibiotics.
suppository	A cone-shaped solid mass of medication designed to be placed in the rectum or vagina.
surfactant	A substance produced in the lungs that reduces surface tension and helps keep the small air sacs open.
surrogate	A substitute.
suture	1. The joining together of certain vertebrate bones, especially of the skull. 2. A stitch or stitches made to close a wound. 3. The material used in closing a wound with stitches.
synapse	The tiny space between two nerve cells that allows the transmission of a nerve impulse.
syncope	Fainting.
synergism	The working together of different organs or parts of the body so that their combined action is greater than their individual effects.
synovia	The clear lubricating fluid produced in joints, bursae and tendon sheaths.
syphilis	A sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.
systole	The cardiac contraction of a heartbeat.

Phrase	Definition
tachycardia	An abnormally rapid heartbeat.
tachypnea	Rapid breathing.
talus	A bone of the ankle.
Tanner staging	A growth chart used to assess the stage of puberty based on pubic hair growth, the development of genitalia in boys and breasts in girls.
telogen effluvium	Thinning hair. Rarely results in actual baldness.
temporal	Having to do with the side of the head.
temporomandibular joint	TMJ. The joint between the lower jaw and the side of the head, located just in front of the ear.
tendinitis	Inflammation of a tendon.
tendon	A cord of strong white fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.
teratogen	An agent that causes physical defects in a developing embryo.
testis	The male gonad or reproductive organ.
testosterone	One of the male sex hormones.
tetanus	An infectious disease, often fatal, caused by a Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria usually enters the body through wounds. Characterized by muscle spasms and convulsions. Also called lockjaw.
tetany	A continuous muscle spasm.
thalassemia	An inherited type of chronic anemia.
therapeutic	A substance or treatment that's effective in treating disease.
thoracentesis	A surgical puncture and drainage of the chest cavity.
thoracic	Having to do with the chest.
thorax	The chest.
thrombocyte	A platelet.
thromboembolism	Blockage of a blood vessel by the piece of a blood clot that has broken loose from its original site.
thrombosis	Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or the heart.
thrush	Infection of the mouth by yeast. Characterized by milky-white lesions on the mouth, lips and throat.
thymus	A ductless gland located behind the upper portion of the breastbone.
thyroid gland	A large endocrine gland located in the front and sides of the neck and below the Adam's apple. Essential for the regulation of growth and metabolism.
thyroxine	The hormone from the thyroid gland that's essential in metabolism.
tibia	The larger of two bones in the lower leg.
tic	An involuntary spasm or twitching of a muscle.
tinea	A general term for fungal infections of the skin, usually combined with a description of the site or cause. Examples include tinea cruris or “jock itch,” and tinea pedis or “athlete's foot.”
tinnitus	Ringing in the ears. Sensation of a high-pitched sound that's not actually present.
tissue	A group of similar cells that together perform certain specialized functions.
tongue	The muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth. Used to speak, chew, swallow and taste.
tonsillectomy	A procedure to remove the tonsils.
tonsils	A pair of oval masses of lymphoid tissue, one on each side of the throat at the back of the mouth.
toxemia	The presence of toxic substances in the blood from bacteria or body cells.
toxic	Poisonous.
toxin	A poisonous substance produced by a living organism.
trachea	The air passage extending from the throat to the bronchi. Also called the windpipe.
tracheostomy	A surgical incision in the trachea (the windpipe) through which a rigid tube is inserted to allow air to enter.
trachoma	A chronic infectious eye disease caused by Chlamydia infection of the eye. A leading cause of blindness worldwide.
transfusion	Introduction of blood or blood products through a vein into the body's circulation.
transplantation	The transfer of living organs or tissue from a donor to another person or from one area in the body to another.
trauma	Injury produced by an external force.
trench mouth	An acute, severe bacterial infection of the gums and lining of the mouth.
triage	A system of assigning priorities of medical treatment based on urgency, severity of injury and chance for survival.
triceps	A muscle of the arm used to extend the forearm.
trichinosis	Infection with a roundworm caused by consumption of larvae in undercooked pork or other infected meat.
trichomoniasis	Infection with Trichomonas protozoa. Frequently causes vaginal itching and discharge in women. It's usually acquired by sexual contact with an infected partner.
tricuspid valve	The heart valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
trisomy	The presence of an extra chromosome in addition to the usual pair. Down syndrome is an example of a condition caused by trisomy.
truss	A device to keep a hernia in its proper place.
TSH	Thyroid-stimulating hormone. A pituitary hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone production.
tuberculin	A protein injected into the skin to test for tuberculosis infection.
tuberculosis	An infectious disease caused by bacteria and characterized by the formation of tubercles in various tissues of the body, especially of the lungs.
tumor	Overgrowth of tissue.
tussis	Cough.
tympanic membrane	The eardrum.
typhoid fever	A bacterial infection with Salmonella typhi transmitted by contaminated water, milk or other foods. Proper sanitation and hygiene prevent the spread of disease.
typhus	An infectious disease spread to people by the bite of ticks, mites, fleas and lice. Typhus is characterized by high fever, headache and a rash.

Phrase	Definition
ulcer	A localized sore in the skin or mucosal surfaces.
ulcerative colitis	A chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine characterized by bloody diarrhea.
ulna	The larger of the two bones of the forearm.
umbilical cord	A tough, cord-like structure connecting the fetus to the placenta for nourishment.
umbilicus	The scar at the site of attachment of the umbilical cord. The navel or belly button.
ungual	Having to do with the nails.
uremia	The buildup in the blood of substances normally eliminated in the urine.
ureter	A narrow tube that transfers urine from the kidney to the bladder.
urethra	The tube that allows the bladder to empty outside the body.
urethral stricture	A narrow area of the urethra that blocks the flow of urine.
urethritis	Inflammation or infection of the urethra.
urinary bladder	The organ that serves as a temporary storage place for urine. Also called the bladder.
urine	The fluid composed of water and waste products that's secreted by the kidneys.
urogenital	Having to do with the urinary system and genitals.
urology	The branch of medicine that deals with the urinary system in women and the urogenital system in men.
uterus	A hollow muscular organ in women where the ovum (egg) is deposited and the embryo and fetus are developed.
uvula	The fleshy mass hanging down from the soft palate above the back of the tongue.

Phrase	Definition
vaccination	Inoculation with weakened or dead microorganisms to develop immunity and prevent disease caused by the regular strain of that microorganism.
vaccine	A preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms, given to treat or prevent disease.
vagina	The muscular canal in women between the vulva and the uterus. It serves as the entry for spermatozoa and as the birth canal.
vaginismus	Painful spasm of the vagina.
varicocele	Dilated veins in the spermatic cord above or around the testis that can cause decreased sperm production on the affected side.
varicose veins	Swollen, distended veins especially visible in the legs.
vas deferens	The duct through which sperm travels from the testicle to the urethra of the penis.
vascular	Of or having vessels, particularly the blood vessels.
vasculitis	Inflammation of the walls of the small blood vessels.
vasectomy	Surgical removal or tying of the vas deferens to prevent the passing of sperm. Used as a form of birth control.
vasoconstriction	Causing the narrowing or closing (constriction) of blood vessels.
vasodilation	Causing the widening or opening (dilation) of blood vessels.
vector	An animal that spreads an infectious agent from one host to another. Also called a carrier.
vein	A vessel that carries blood from the various parts of the body to the heart.
venom	A toxin secreted by an animal.
venous	Having to do with a vein.
ventricle	1. Either of the two chambers that contract to pump blood from the heart. 2. Any of several small fluid-filled cavities in the brain.
verruca	See wart.
vertebrae	The bones that make up the spine.
vertigo	A spinning sensation often accompanied by mild to severe nausea.
vesicle	1. A small, sac-like cavity. 2. A blister.
vesicourethral reflux	An abnormal condition that allows urine to flow from the bladder back into a ureter.
virus	The agent of an infectious disease, smaller than bacteria, that must have a living host in order to grow or reproduce.
viscera	The large internal organs.
vision	The sense of sight.
vitamin	An organic substance found in food and essential in small quantities for good health.
vitiligo	A skin condition characterized by sharply defined white patches that contain no skin color (pigment).
vitreous humor	The jelly-like material that fills the eyeball between the lens and retina.
vomiting	Ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
vulva	The external parts of the female reproductive tract surrounding the opening to the vagina.

Phrase	Definition
wart	A small, hard, abnormal growth of the skin or mucous membranes caused by a virus.
wheal	A pimple or small itchy elevation of the skin caused by an allergen.
wheeze	A whistling or squeaky breathing sound caused by the narrowing (constriction) or blocking of the airway.
whiplash	An injury of the neck or spine due to a sudden, severe bending of the neck.
whooping cough	A serious infectious respiratory disease of children. Named for the distinctive whooping sound made by the patient after a coughing spasm. Also called pertussis.
Wilms' tumor	A rapidly growing tumor of the kidney found in children.
Wilson's disease	A rare, inherited disorder that occurs when copper pools in the red blood cells. May cause tremors, muscle rigidity, speech problems and dementia.
withdrawal	The act or process of giving up the use of a drug to which one has become addicted or dependent.
wrist	The joint or part of the arm between the hand and the forearm.

Phrase	Definition
xanthelasma	Fatty deposits that appear as yellowish patches, or plaques, under the skin, often appearing in or near the eyelids.
xanthoma	A tumor-like deposit of fatty substances in the skin.
xenograft	Transplantation of tissue or organs from an individual of one species to another unrelated species, such as a pig's heart valve implanted in a human.
xeroderma	Dryness of the skin.

Phrase	Definition
yeast	A single-celled fungus that reproduces by budding and may lead to infections of the skin or other moist areas.
yellow fever	An acute viral illness spread by mosquito bites. Characterized by fever and jaundice.

Phrase	Definition
zoonosis	A disease that can be spread to people by animals.
zoster	A viral infection of certain sensory nerves that causes pain and an eruption of blisters on the skin along the course of the infected nerve.
zygote	A fertilized ovum (egg).

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